The Titanic 'Switch' Theory; Exposed

25 Key Reasons Why a Switch Did Not Happen

There are some very basic key reasons why switching Titanic for Olympic not only did not happen, but could not happen, Below is an index to the main points:

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1. Titanic was under-insured by $2.5 million
2. Olympic's damage from HMS Hawke did not exceed $125,000
3. Cost of 'switching' both ships
4. Loss of image would have been more costly
5. The sister ships had too many structural and aesthetic differences
6. Photographic record of construction
7. Time required to complete the 'switch'
8. At least several thousand Belfast workers would have to be silenced
9. The captain, deck officers and crew would all have to be silenced
10. Titanic's passengers would have noticed
11. First class suites on B deck
12. Bruce Ismay and Thomas Andrews were aboard
13. Deliberately sinking a ship highly improbable
14. Photographic record of Olympic post-collision
15. Nobody noticed anything about Olympic after the sinking
16. BOT survey reports and surveys
17. The Olympic had white paint post Titanic tragedy
18. The Olympic wreckers would also need to be silenced
19. What remains of Olympic has Olympic's number 400
20. Ballard and all subsequent explorers would have to be silenced
21. The wreck looks like Titanic
22. The wreck has Titanic's number 401
23. The wreck has the name Titanic on it
24. No evidence Titanic was 'switched' with Olympic
25. No Titanic author, historian or explorer has acknowledged the 'switch'



1. Titanic was under-insured by $2.5 million

Quite simply, the fact that Titanic was under-insured and not only that, the remainder 'self-insured', should silence the 'switch' theory from the outset. Essentially Titanic was under-insured by $2.5 million (approximately $70 million US dollars in today's money), because the White Star Line insured its own ships. On the matter of how much the Titanic cost and how much she was insured for, Bruce Ismay testified at the United States Senate Inquiry on Day 11, Tuesday, April 30, 1912, the following:

Senator SMITH: There has been considerable confusion about the cost of the Titanic. I will take the liberty of asking you to state it.
Mr. ISMAY: She cost $7,500,000 sir.
SMITH: And for how much was she insured?
ISMAY: For $5,000,000, I understand, sir.

This was also clarified by Philip Franklin, vice president of the International Mercantile Marine Co., controlling the White Star Line, earlier in the proceedings, on Day 9 Saturday, April 27, 1912:

Mr. FRANKLIN: This ship was insured with outside underwriters for $5,000,000, in round figures. It was, in pounds, about a million pounds. The company carried the remainder, up to about $600,000 - between $500,000 and $600,000. That is, our insurance fund carried the remainder.

Original insurance certificate covering
the 'total loss' of the Titanic for
$5million. (Click to enlarge)

The United States Senate Inquiry Report established that "the vessel, fully equipped, cost £1,500,000 sterling, or about $7,500,000. At the time of the accident the vessel carried insurance of £1,000,000 sterling or about $5,000,000, the remaining risk being carried by the company's insurance fund." It was entirely normal for a company not to fully insure a ship. Among the White Star Line’s company rules was rule 101, quoted by Franklin at the United States Senate Inquiry during his testimony:

"Commanders are reminded that the steamers are to a great extent uninsured and that their only livelihood, as well as the company's, depends upon immunity from accident. No precaution which insures safe navigation is to be considered excessive."

Additionally, all White Star captains, prior to the sinking of Titanic were given a 'letter of instruction' on his appointment to the vessel which specifically mentioned the importance of "safe and watchful navigation" due to primarily "the blow which would be inflicted to the reputation of the Line, secondly, from the pecuniary loss that would accrue (the Company being their own insurers.), and thirdly, from the interruption of a regular service upon which the success of the present organisation must necessarily depend." (Document courtesy of The Smoking Gun Titanic Files. To read the entire document check here.)

An excerpt from a 'letter of instruction' given to all White Star Line captains,
highlighting the "company being their own insurer".
To read the entire document check here.

This document was submitted to the British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry on Day 17 of the British Titanic Inquiry by Sir Robert Finlay and at the time he also noted that the "passage about the Company being their own insurers was strictly accurate when this letter was drafted. Since then they are insured not wholly but partially." To which The Commissioner added: "They are still their own insurers up to a large amount." (British Inquiry)

Page 4 of the 16th of April 1912 edition of The Washington Times
(Click to enlarge)

There were several newspaper articles published that verify the insurance status. For example, the day after the sinking, the 16th of Aprl 1912 edition of The Washington Times had the headline: "TITANIC INSURED FOR FIVE MILLION, HALF OF HER VALUE" On the same day, across the Atlantic, the Daily Mirror of the 16th of April 1912 printed that although built for £1.3m she was insured with Lloyds of London for £1m as a vessel.

The 16th of April 1912 edition of the Daily Mirror.

We have further verification of the figures in The New York Times of April 28, 1912 under the heading of "Titanic Insurance Claims Quickly Met". It states that the "aggregate property loss is placed by The Spectator at $9,420,000, and that insurance authority divides this total into $8,000,000 for the vessel, $420,000 for the cargo and $1,000,000 for personal effects. Marine insurance totaling $6,000,000 on the property is divided into $5,000,000 on the vessel, $400,000 on the cargo, and $600,000 on personal effects." So essentially, the ship was valued at "$8,000,000" while only insured for "$5,000,000".

The fact Titanic was under-insured comes from the insurance company itself, Lloyd's. The Lloyd's website has much information on the Titanic case (check here):

"On 9 January, broker Willis Faber & Co had come to Lloyd’s underwriting room to insure the Titanic and her sister ship, the Olympic, on behalf of the White Star Line. It was considered a prestigious risk, with cover for the hull alone standing at £1m – around £95m in today’s money. Numerous Lloyd’s syndicates put their names on the slip, covering amounts ranging from £10,000 to £75,000. Willis was able to negotiate a favourable premium for this proudly ‘unsinkable’ vessel of just £7,500. Despite the high levels of claims arising from the tragedy, insurers paid out in full within 30 days."

So in summary we have independent verification that it cost $7.5 million to build Titanic and that she was insured for only two-thirds of that i.e. $5 million. Which means a loss of $2.5 million. Would such a loss be an issue for IMM and the White Star Line? Apparently not. On Thursday, May 9, 1912 during the American inquiry into the sinking, Maurice Farrell (the Managing News Editor of Dow, Jones & Co.) said that the net loss to IMM as a result of the sinking might be "$2,000,000 to $3,000,000," which ‘ought not’ to "break a company like the International Mercantile Marine."

Titanic cost $7.5 million
but was insured for only $5 million.

An article by the Daily Mail, on the 3rd of October 2013 reported that "the original insurance certificate covering the ‘total loss’ of the Titanic for $5 million (£3.1 million) was revealed...showing the cover was taken out two weeks before the ship sank in April 1912. According to the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company policy, the firm had to pay an excess of $500,000 (£310,000). The policy was arranged through brokers Willis Faber which assembled a consortium of insurers that each took a share of the risk." (Source)

Essentially there was no reason for an insurance scam, as Mark Chirnside points out in his dissertation entitled "Olympic & Titanic – An Analysis Of The Robin Gardiner Conspiracy Theory (July 2006):

Why would the White Star Line or IMM deliberately sink a ship that was liable to lose them some $2,500,000, particularly when (even if the damage to Olympic was worse than accepted) the Olympic could be repaired at what would most probably be a lower cost? And, if a loss of $2,500,000 could be withstood by IMM/White Star after their flagship sank, how could the damage to the Olympic ever have been serious enough for them to take the drastic – indeed, criminal – measure of ‘swapping’ the ships in an insurance scam?



2. Olympic's damage from HMS Hawke did not exceed $125,000

A key aspect of the switch theory is that Olympic's collision with HMS Hawke on September 20th, 1911 was allegedly far more serious than publically known prompting White Star to come up with the 'switch' concept as a means to offset the expense of repairing the Olympic. Specifically, Gardiner claims that the collision damaged the Olympic’s center turbine mountings, that over a third of the hull plating require replacement and most critically, her keel was damaged. However, there is no evidence of this.

There is independent verification of the extent of the damage from those other than White Star during the court case to determine responsibility. Firstly, Harry Roscoe a consulting naval architect with over 25 years experience of surveying damage to large steamers, surveyed the Olympic at Southampton on September 22nd and 23rd 1911, and later in Belfast in dry dock. Under cross-examination during the High Court of Justice Olympic vs Hawke in London, November 1911, Roscoe acknowledged the following description by Examination in chief Mr. Laing as correct:

"There is a large triangular hole extending from immediately above the D deck to above 15 feet below that deck...a large penetration in D deck extending inwards about 8 feet...hole below deck pierced by the Hawke’s ram...in position below the larger hole in deck D... broken and indented plating extend over these decks D, E, F, and G...the penetration cease between G, and the orlop deck"

RMS Olympic after the collision
with HMS Hawke.

Roscoe also mentions damage to the starboard propeller bossing and blades and the fact that the extent of the penetration into the Olympic was between six feet eight inches to eight feet.

Note that Roscoe makes no mention of any damage to the keel, with penetration only 6 to 8 feet. To reach the keel the Hawke would need to penetrate forty-five feet in, and thirty feet below where Hawke hit the Olympic.

Roscoe's testimony is collaborated by Robert Steele who described himself as a member of the Institute of Naval Architects, member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and a consulting naval architect and engineer for over 20 years. He agreed with Roscoe's damage assessment and interestingly added that the Hawke's "ram has not shown itself to be a very powerful weapon of offence." In other words the damage could have been worse.

Also, Commander William Blunt, who was in charge of the Hawke noted that the "engines reversed before the blow. They were actually going astern at the time of the blow." At the time of the collision he estimated that the speed of the Hawke had reduced from 15¼ knots to "about 8 knots". This considerable reduction in speed is no doubt why the damage was not as severe as it could have been.

According to Titanic researcher Ioannis Georgiou "H&W photographed the damage (the glass plates held by the National Museum of Northern Ireland) and no photograph shows a deep hole under the waterline (to go deep enough into the ship to damage the turbine and keel) as claimed by Gardiner."

In regards to Gardiner's allegation that a third of the hull had to be replaced, in Olympic & Titanic: The Truth Behind The Conspiracy, Bruce Beveridge and Steve Hall note that while some of the bow plating was replaced after the Hawke collision they conclude that "there is absolutely no evidence that the forward plating as seen in the Harland & Wolff drawing had resulted from the collision with the Hawke.’

In summary, Mark Chirnside, in his dissertation concludes:

I examine the available evidence surrounding the Olympic’s collision damage – from surveyors’ testimonies, to more recent technical analyses. I argue that there is no reliable evidence to indicate that the damage was worse than admitted and find Gardiner’s research lacking. Every one of Gardiner’s points – such as the failure to use the turbine engine on the journey back to the shipyard, the ‘failure’ of the emergency patch – can be explained with knowledge of contemporary steamships and mechanical engineering without recourse to an astonishing conspiracy theory. There are no credible sources indicating that the damage to Olympic was worse than reported at the time – and indeed ample sworn expert testimony to the contrary."

Ultimately, during the court case of Olympic vs Hawke, in November 1911 it was ‘unofficially estimated that the Olympic’s damage did not exceed $125,000.' The International Mercantile Marine, who owned White Star, wanted to claim for as high as £750,000 by including lost passenger receipts -but only if they won the case (which they didn't). But Chirnside points that if they stood to loose it would not be an issue:

"The company’s surplus on the profit and loss account had risen from $48,585 in 1910 to $821,062 in the year ending December 31st 1911. Even if the insurance would not pay out the $750,000, IMM would have remained in surplus. In 1910, IMM’s net profit was a mighty $4,849,580, and this slipped to $4,509,270 in 1911. As for the White Star Line itself, it was ‘the principal constituent’ of IMM and ‘enjoyed continued prosperity, its profit distribution for 1910 being 30 percent’ after depreciation. In fact, White Star’s profit and loss account for the year to December 31st 1911 was in surplus by £1,102,756 – even higher than IMM’s."

Certainly there is no financial logic to justify an insurance scam, especially considering the huge loss to White Star in doing so. According to Mike Rothschild's article on the Dailydot.com entitled "Even the sinking of the Titanic has truthers" the cost of the 'switch' caused the "White Star line to take a hit of over $4 million ($105 million today) when it went down." (https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/titanic-conspiracy-theory/

As J. Kent Layton writes in his book Conspiracies at Sea, “the switch conspiracy founders—quite literally—on its financial merits alone.”



3. Cost of 'switching' both ships

It is often incorrectly assumed that it was simply a matter of converting the Olympic into Titanic. However often overlooked is the fact that BOTH ships had to be converted to look like each other, and the fact that the costs of doing so would be prohibitive.

As website correspondent Richard Holmes notes "the theory would perhaps be more believable if they had only just updated Olympic with all the modifications Titanic had received. They could have done it openly and advertised an "updated" Olympic. In theory, they would have had to do this anyway as part of swapping ships. If it were truly a matter of lining their pockets then the cost of converting Titanic into Olympic would have doubled the cost of the switch if not more. Of course we all know it is impractical with all the differences you have listed anyway." 



4. Loss of image would have been more costly

In points 1 and 2 we have established that Titanic was under-insured and also that the damage to the Olympic during its collision with the Hawke was not serious enough to justify an insurance scam. But it also must be noted that such an insurance scam would have had far more reaching financial implications. The loss of a ship on its maiden voyage, their newest flag ship no less and touted as 'practically unsinkable' would be a publicity and marketing disaster. This would obviously cause travellers to lose confidence in White Star, a company that was aiming for first class opulence over speed being offered by Cunard.

As already acknowledged, White Star was doing well enough financially to deem such a scam unnecessary, so taking such a risk with tarnishing its reputation would have been unthinkable and illogical.

This particular point should not be under-estimated -many Titanic authors and researchers believe it is sufficient in it's own right to dismiss the 'switch' as implausible. Titanic author Senan Molony writes that "one doesn’t need to compare designs and count portholes - a moment’s serious consideration of the reputational risk involved - individually and collectively - is all that is required to end any entertainment of the notion. For illustration - apply the idea to another Malaysia Airlines aircraft that has maybe one dodgy engine, being entirely uninsured. How could there be any overall benefit in substituting it for a fully-insured plane and then losing it in an accident?"



5. The sister ships had too many structural and aesthetic differences

Proponents of the 'switch' theory often make the error of assuming that since Olympic and Titanic were sisters ships, making a 'switch' would only have been a matter of changing wherever the name Olympic appeared to Titanic. The reality is that while they were indeed sister ships and at first glance seemingly identical, in fact they were not *twin* sister as there were numerous differences, many structural, that meant any switch would have been a huge, extensive, time consuming and not to mention very expensive undertaking. Here is a list of the key differences:

1. Forward half of the 1st class A-deck promenade on Titanic was enclosed with retractable glass screens; the Olympic's promenade was open all the way along.
2. The front of the wheelhouse in Olympic's bridge was curved, but on Titanic its flat.
3. The bridge wings (forward) and the aft docking bridge (stern) on Titanic extended over the ship's side by a couple of feet. On the Olympic, they were flush with the ship's side (prior to 1912/13 refit).
4. The 2nd class promenade area on the Olympic ran for the last quarter of "B deck", but on the Titanic it was truncated to extend the 1st class restaurant out to the port side, and on the starboard side, the cafe parisien was included.
5. B deck was also drastically different on both ships - Olympic had a first class promenade whereas Titanic had two private verandahs and suites that were flush with the sides of the superstructure.
6. The reworked accommodations on B and C Decks, dramatically altered the number and arrangement of the windows and portholes on both decks.
7. Titanic had an extended enclosure aft on C Deck.
8. Titanic had a different arrangement of ventilators, fans, piping and machinery on the Boat Deck.
9. Titanic had carpeting and floor tiles that were different in colour.
10. Titanic had a Turkish Bath area on the starboard side of F deck that was different in layout.
11. Titanic's officers quarters were different, with the officers Deck House pushed out more on Titanic than Olympic.
12. On Olympic, the wireless cabin had an outside window, but this was changed on Titanic to allow more seaward facing cabins to be included.
13. On Olympic,the wireless room was on the port side of the officer's deck house, while on Titanic it was situated amidships.
14. The porthole on the D deck gangway doors was circular on the Olympic; on the Titanic it consisted of two vertical rectangular windows.
15. The propellers on the two ships had different pitches and were therefore not interchangeable.
16. The reception room on Saloon Deck "D" was larger on Titanic than Olympic; Titanic had more columns than Olympic.
17. Titanic was 4 inches longer than Olympic.
18. Olympic's bridge roof was painted white while Titanic's was bare planking (or possibly painted grey).
19. The top of Olympic's breakwater was painted brown while Titanic's was white.
20. Olympic's outdoor forward stairs had covers while Titanic's did not.
21. The porthole arrangements on Shelter Deck "C" between the two ships were different.
22. The lounge furniture on both ships had their ships own names on them.
23. Modifications would result in Titanic having 1,004 gross tons(or 100,400 cubic feet) more enclosed space than the Olympic.
24. The painting in Titanic's smoking room was "Approach to Plymouth Harbour" while on Olympic was "Approach to the New World."
25. Titanic had additional cabins on the Promenade Deck "A" around the aft staircase.
26. Olympic had open third class berths, Titanic did not.
27. Another reception room was added to Titanic's Bridge Deck "B" next to the À la Carte Restaurant.
28. There was a different air vent arrangement around the funnels.
29. The steel plating arrangement on the two ships was noticeably different, especially around the bow plating around the anchor; two plate-edges were welded together on Titanic, but left unwelded on the Olympic.
30. The iron gates of the three elevators on Titanic’s wreck differ to those depicted in photographs of the Olympic.

This list does not include the shell-plating at the bow and stern which bore the ship names. The names weren’t just painted on the plates, they were cut into the plates in letters four feet high and one-half inch deep.

Mark Chirnside summarises the situation:

Olympic and Titanic were very similar. Essentially, they shared the same hull size and design and were constructed from the same set of plans; however, particularly after Olympic’s maiden voyage, Titanic was improved in a number of ways. By the time she entered service, Titanic’s forward promenade deck had been glass-enclosed; on B-deck, her first class á la Carte restaurant had been expanded and a Café added, while all the first class suites were expanded and improved, with two ‘parlour’ suites even getting their own private promenades. These were major structural changes. There were a great deal of subtle differences, too many to list here, from different colour schemes for public rooms, different décor in some first class cabins, to deckhouses and vents... As far as I can see, Gardiner’s theory makes no attempt to address even well-known differences – such as the bridge and officer’s deckhouse on the boat deck, for instance, and merely assumes (incorrectly) that the two ships were much more similar than was the case.

Another often overlooked aspect of this theory is that it would not only involve making changes to Olympic to look like Titanic, but also making all the same changes to make Titanic look like Olympic. For example, Olympic's port and starboard navigational wing cabs (on either side of the bridge) did not protrude from the ship as they did on Titanic, so these would have to be extended several feet. Conversely, on Titanic the wing cabs would have to be moved inwards to match Olympic's look. Even more incredible is that after the Titanic disaster Olympic's bridge wings were in fact extended during the 1912/13 refit -which means to believe the 'switch' would mean believing that the wing cabs were moved twice -first inwards (to look like Olympic) and then a year later extended outward again! In other words there would be a huge amount of work involved on both ships to make the 'switch' look convincing - all of which would have to be done in total secrecy.

And finally, we must consider the ship inventories, which would have included the manufacture numbers on such items as the engines and turbines, all of which would again require some major work to switch so as to match their respective 'switch' identity.

For more information on the myriad of differences between the two ships and the huge amount of work to switch them please read Steve Hall and Bruce Beveridge's book Titanic or Olympic, Which Ship Sank?



6. Photographic record of construction

To make Titanic look like the Olympic and Olympic look like Titanic, would require that they be physically together due to the vast number of items to be swapped, renamed and redesigned. After Titanic was launched they were together only twice:

1. After the Olympic/Hawke collision: Between October 7th 1911 and November 20th 1911, a total of 44 days

2. After Olympic threw a propeller blade: March 1st 1912 until March the 7th, 1912, a total of 8 days

However the photographs taken during these occasions do not show any indications of a 'switch' - in fact quite the opposite. Since we can confidently rule out the second occasion as it was too short (please note point number 7 below) let us look at a photograph of when the Olympic joined Titanic for 44 days between October 7th 1911 and November 20th 1911, to repair the damage caused by the Hawke collision.

A photograph of when the Olympic joined Titanic taken approximately
October 11th 1911. Titanic is in the foreground, unpainted and with one funnel.
(Click image to enlarge)

Above is a photograph just after the Olympic arrived, with the Titanic in foreground,In the background we can see the Olympic in the graving dock. Note that the first of the Titanic's funnels (No.2) had already been fitted and that she is unpainted. There is certainly a substantial amount of work required to make the incomplete Titanic look like the complete Olympic and vice versa, and within 44 days without anyone noticing!

At the end of this period we have a photograph of Titanic on December 6th, 1911, below. Now there are three funnels and she is still unpainted. This is clear photographic evidence that Titanic made steady progress in her fitting between October 7th 1911 and November 20th 1911. No evidence or even an indication of a 'switch' in this time period when they were together.

A photograph of Titanic on December 6th, 1911. Between this photograph and the photograph above both ships would supposed to have been completely 'switched'.



7. Time required to complete a 'switch'

Even more importantly is the impossible amount of work to accomplish in the total of 44 days Olympic and Titanic were together. Based on the photographs above we can see that firstly Titanic would require 3 funnels to be hastily attached and for her to be completely painted to at least give the illusion of being Olympic. But that is not all - as the OPPOSITE would simultaneously need to be done to Olympic, removing three of her funnels and stripping her of paint! But of course that is not all - there is a long list of differences already mentioned above in point no.5. According to Dr Paul Lee the amount of work required would also include:

• Reciprocating or turbine engines installed
• Window re-arrangement
Olympic's (ex Titanic) B deck would have to be re-installed
• Millionaire's suites installed
• Lifeboats and davits installed, and various identification markers changed
• Anchors placed
• All outstanding work on the interiors completed
• The ship re-painted and all fixtures and fittings cleaned
• The antennae for the Marconi apparatus affixed between the masts and the wireless room
• All rigging, guy wires and rat-lines placed
• Integration tests to ensure that the plumbing and electrical connectivity between old and new worked satisfactorily
 
  Source: http://www.paullee.com/titanic/switch.html

There are also some rather critical issues with this. Firstly, there is the issue with the crane used for installing the funnels and lowering machinery into place. There was only one crane. And this poses a big problem to the 'switch' theory, as Dr Paul Lee explains:

The crane had a radius of 100 feet, and the closest distance from the edge of the quay to the Graving Dock is approximately this distance. When you factor in the extra 50 feet needed to get to the Olympic, parked centrally in the dock, and the fact that the crane's boom's pivot point was not flush against the quay, then we have a probable distance of over 150 feet from crane to the Olympic. The only way to extract the funnels was to (a) drain the Graving Dock once the hull was been plated. (b) move the Olympic out of the dock and then (c) pluck the funnels off. Draining/filling of the dock took 100 minutes, and moving the huge steamship would have been cumbersome.

Once out of the dock, the crane could be used to re-install the funnels on the other ship. Goodness knows how long this would take. Then the workers had to worry about interfacing of the piping between the Olympic's funnels and the Titanic's upper decks, to ensure that all tubing and connections matched up. They may also have taken the time to change some of the vents on the boat and sun decks at this point, as numerous changes between the two ship's configuration had been noted over the years. And no one on land noticed this!

Source: http://www.paullee.com/titanic/switch.html

Secondly, the issue of painting it is also key. Titanic was clearly unpainted when the Olympic arrived and she is seen still unpainted upon Olympic's departure some 40 days later. To believe the switch we would also have to believe that not only was the Titanic quickly painted to look like the Olympic but more unbelievably that the Olympic was stripped of her paint and made to look authentically as if she had never received a coat of paint. Quite an impossible task, especially in full public view, if you think about it.

Thirdly, Dr Paul Lee's comment regarding nobody noticing all of this is also an important one. As he mentions, "shipyard operations were visible from public areas for miles around. Thousands of people in Belfast would have seen the switch operation - and yet there is not one word in the papers of reporters or photographers rushing out to find out what was happening, take pictures, elicit quotes from people at the yard etc. " (http://www.paullee.com/titanic/switch.html)

Here is an overview of the photographic record that clearly shows a 'switch' to be impossible:



8. At least several thousand Belfast workers would have to be silenced

Just some of Harland & Wolff's 15,000 employees
who would have to be kept "quiet" about the switch.

Common estimates for the number working at Harland and Wolff during the construction of the Olympic Class ships is 15,000. Since Titanic was behind schedule due to issues with Olympic, and both ships would have been in the yard at the same time, for a switch to have occurred there must have been at the very least (looking at the list of changes required listed above) several thousand employees involved. If not all 15,000 were involved in the switch, how was it concealed from the rest and with what motive? As one Belfast man once said: “How on earth can anyone expect 15,000 Irishmen to keep a secret?”

On this point, a senior member who calls himself "Whitebeard" on the website "Metabunk.org" (a website "dedicated to the art and pastime of honest, polite, scientific investigating and debunking") made the following observation:

The problem is to carry out such a switch at Harland and Wolff would involve thousands of people. Around 1911/12 the ship yard directly employed 15,000 people, with another 20,000+ involved in support services and employed by various sub contractors. Add in the employees of the White Star Line, the permanent and casual staff of the Belfast Dock and Harbour commission and you have a figure in excess of 60,000 people. About 1/5th of the city's entire population, and a third of Belfast's working population.

For such an act of sub-diffuse to be carried out a large number of people would have been in on the plan, that's a lot of people to swear to secrecy, a shed load of hush money to pay out, and in all the years since this alleged switch not ONE credible source has come forward with inside information? No death bed confessions, no local pub gossip and legends, no 'my grand father told me' stories? Very hard to believe. Especially when you consider the staunch Presbyterian culture that presides in Belfast to this day, where a deep protestant, 'be truthful or burn in hell' ethos runs (or at least ran) through the working class psyche. If this switch was true, especially in the light of the ensuing disaster, I can't help but feel that SOMEONE at least would have blown the whistle. (https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-conspiracy-of-the-titanic-the-first-staged-9-11.t970/ )

Interestingly, according to a theory by Dr David Grimes, from Oxford University, there is an equation that expresses 'how long alleged conspiracies could "survive" before being revealed - deliberately or unwittingly - to the public at large'. This equation relies upon three factors: the number of conspirators involved, the amount of time that has passed, and the intrinsic probability of a conspiracy failing.

Based on this equation, a Titanic 'switch' would undoubtedly have to have been fully revealed as true by now. Either that or fewer than 100 people were involved in it. As mentioned in this point and others below, for a 'switch' to have taken place would have to involve thousands. So mathematically, a switch theory does not hold up. Read the BBC article on this here. The full Plos One journal can be read here. (Published: January 26, 2016):

Workers leaving Olympic at the end of a days shift sometime around April 1911.
(Jonathan Smith/Museums of Northern Ireland)



9. The captain, deck officers and crew would all have to be silenced

Far more than just Harland and Wolff employees would need to be silenced. The Captain and many of the officers and crew came straight from Olympic to Titanic. Having spent almost a year working on Olympic they would inevitably discover very early on that they were still on the same ship. To illustrate hypothetically, the very same scuff marks on the door to their officer's quarters would be enough of a clue, let alone the numerous structural alterations. Notoriously superstitious, there would have been instant suspicion, leading to widespread gossip, discussion and ultimately a demand for an explanation.

Mark Chirnside also points this out:

In practical terms, I would go so far as to say that a switch was impossible. Even if the two ships were as similar as Gardiner’s theory indicates, you simply cannot pass off a one-year-old ship for a new one. Too many people would have noticed things such as the inevitable wear and tear, particularly the crew who joined Titanic in 1912 having served on the Olympic beforehand. Stewardess Violet Jessop, who served on both ships, writes in her memoirs about how ‘improved’ Titanic was when compared to Olympic, which amply demonstrates differences that might not sound significant, but were nevertheless noticeable to a ship’s crew.



10. Titanic's passengers would have noticed

Even more unbelievably, Titanic's passengers would also have to be silenced about the 'switch' as they also would have immediately noticed something was awry. This seems to be another aspect lost on those who support the 'switch' theory; that there are many survivor accounts mentioning how 'new' and wonderful Titanic was, of smelling of fresh paint and thick carpets. So to our already overweight list of changes to switch Olympic for Titanic we must now also add completely redecorating the ship to appear "as new," re-painting and re-carpeting all her interiors.

Mark Chirnside notes this also:

Olympic proved herself very popular in 1911 and carried over 17,000 passengers, setting a number of records. A number of Titanic’s passengers had sailed on Olympic before and it is hard to believe that they would not have noticed that they were travelling on exactly the same ship.

Even more interestingly, passengers actually noted how unfinished Titanic was, which is a further blow to the 'switch' theory, as the Olympic was nearly a year old. Take for example American second class passenger Imanita Shelley, who talked about the problems of the public bathrooms in her account in the Anaconda Standard, May 6, 1912:

The Titanic was certainly sent out in a half-finished state as far as furnishings were concerned. In the lavatories, only about half of the fixtures had been put in place, and some were still in their crates. The faucet on the stationary washstand had an added patent which caused a lot of trouble...Enough now about the half-finished state of the second class cabins... (Anaconda Standard, May 6, 1912)


Second class passenger Imanita Shelley was among many passengers who later
described how unfinished Titanic was - impossible if it was supposedly
the older Olympic.



11. First class suites on B deck

In an apparent effort to mitigate the amount of work involved in recreating the Olympic as Titanic Gardiner claims that "B-deck was an open promenade and partitions were erected to enclose the promenade area and create the illusion that larger suites had been installed." However there is a large error with this hypothesis as Chirnside points out:

Another blow to Gardiner’s theory comes from our knowledge of the passengers who had booked the first class suites on Titanic’s B-deck. These passengers had booked suites which extended to the ship’s side and had a sea view. Two of the enlarged B-deck suites – unique to Titanic – earned the nickname the ‘millionaires’ suites’ based on their expensive price tag, and in a review of Gardiner’s book, Michael Tennaro has noted: ‘One of Titanic’s [millionaires’] suites was used by the Cardezas [an American family] during the maiden voyage. Did they just imagine they were living in these sumptuous quarters?’ Gardiner does not address this, and even more inconsistencies become apparent.



12. Bruce Ismay and Thomas Andrews were aboard

Switch adherents often point to the alleged last minute cancellation of IMM owner J.P. Morgan as evidence (more on this here), while neglecting to mention that the two most prominent people behind an alleged 'switch' -and hence with the most to lose and far more reason for absence- would have been the managing director of the White Star Line Bruce Ismay and Harland & Wolff designer Thomas Andrews. Not to mention that Ismay escaped aboard collapsible C. If he was part of an intricately planned pre-arranged sinking, why did he escape so willingly aboard a lifeboat, an act for which he was henceforth severely criticised, while Andrews went down with the ship with no apparent effort at survival?

There is also an unconfirmed account that Ismay forgot to sign the insurance certificate protecting White Star against claims from some of the richest people and their families aboard Titanic. The certificate, still unsigned, went down with the Titanic. If true, this would certainly not make sense if Ismay was playing a part in a complex insurance scam.



13. Deliberately sinking a ship highly improbable

If you follow through Gardiner's 'switch' theory you come across a highly complex pre-arranged sinking scenario which would have required incredible precision (not to mention expense and vast numbers of people to keep quiet). Would White Star, attempting an insurance scam to recoup money lost on Olympic, attempt such a daring and highly complex pre-arranged sinking scenario? Remember the sinking of Titanic came about due to a freak set of circumstances. Ice was further south than normal for that time of the year. It was a moon-less (very dark) and extraordinarily calm night, meaning that an iceberg was spotted much later than normal. The way the ship made contact with the iceberg (brushing its starboard side) breached more watertight compartments than were designed to be breached, leading to water overflowing the bulkheads and an eventual sinking of the vessel. If it was a head on-collision, or fewer watertight compartments were breached, she may not have sunk.

The reality is that if White Star did indeed want to attempt an insurance scam it would be highly unlikely they would try such a phenomenally complex sinking based on such a large number of variables and freak circumstances. It would simply have been much easier to - for argument's sake - start an accidental fire while at sea and the evidence would have disappeared much quicker, with far less people, time or expense to worry about.

The fact is that swapping the two ships and sinking the Olympic, disguised as the Titanic, could hardly be expected to improve the White Star Line’s financial situation (which was not in trouble anyway - see point 1 above). In fact, it would almost undoubtedly cause the opposite, as not only would they experience unprecedented bad publicity, but to make matters worse, they would only be left with one of the two sisters for their express service, with the third liner still incomplete, at a time when rivals such as Cunard and Hamburg-Amerika were on course to be operating three-ship services within a very few years, not to mention the cost of building a suitable replacement.



14. Photographic record of Olympic post-collision

'Switch' proponents will often point to alleged inconsistencies in Titanic's photographic record while omitting to note that the photographic record of Olympic (allegedly Titanic) post-disaster has absolutely no evidence of any 'switch'. This should not be underestimated. Compared to Titanic's very short life of a few days in April 1912, the Olympic served for 24 years from 1911 to 1935. Hence, the number of photographs taken of Olympic far exceeds that of Titanic. Surely if there was indeed a 'switch' there would be at least one suspicious photograph during those 24 years? If anything Olympic's photographic record solidly reveals that she was the Olympic.

For example: There was a subtle but unmistakeable difference in the bow plating around the anchor; two plate-edges were welded together on Titanic, but left unwelded on the Olympic. Pre & post disaster photos of Olympic show the unwelded plate-edge around the anchor.

As another case in point, take a look at the image below of Olympic's starboard wing cab, taken after the Olympic's collision with the Nantucket in 1934 (taken from footage you can view here). Remember that Titanic's wing cabs protruded significantly from the body of the ship, unlike Olympic which did not. Here we see a wonderful close up -and no evidence at all of any structural changes being made to reduce the amount the wing cab would have protruded if this was indeed Titanic.

The underside of Olympic's starboard wing cab. There is nothing here to even hint at the large structural alterations required to make a 'switch'.



15. Nobody noticed anything about Olympic after the sinking

The Olympic served until 1935, and yet there is no evidence -even hearsay- from any of the hundreds of thousands of crew and passengers who sailed aboard Olympic post-Titanic disaster.

And it is not as though there were not enough opportunities during the 24 years it continued in operation. For example, it was subject to a "mutiny" by firemen due to the fitting of collapsible lifeboats (seen as unseaworthy) after the sinking of Titanic, and then used as a full scale model for the commission investigating the disaster - including examination of the water tight features and manoeuverability trials. Later it was used as a troop transport in WW1, returned to being a luxury liner after WW1, was involved in a collision in New York Harbour in 1924 that necessitated major repairs and collided with a lightship in 1934.

Surely if a crew member or even a passenger found even the slightest evidence they were in fact aboard the Titanic, this would have caused great concern and controversy?



16. BOT survey reports and surveys

But is it possible with enough effort they could have passed off an old ship as new, and a new ship as old? A solid case against this are the Board of Trade reports.

Mark Chirnside explains in his dissertation "Olympic & Titanic - An Analysis of the Robin Gardiner Conspiracy Theory":

Even if the ships had been as similar as Gardiner indicates, it is simply impossible to pass off a one-year-old ship for a new one. Wear and tear is inevitable, and this is reflected in the details recorded by the Board of Trade, who surveyed merchant ships to ensure that they were seaworthy. Early in 1912, Olympic experienced a very heavy storm, and in early March 1912 the survey reports went so far as to detail the exact number and location of rivets that subsequently needed caulking.

As the younger sister, Titanic’s design incorporated modifications based on experience with Olympic, and in February 1912 the shipbuilders fitted several one- inch thick steel ‘straps’ to the Titanic’s hull ‘in consequence of observations made onboard the Olympic.’ There are many examples of changes that could be cited, but it seems fair to include one more. In 1911, additional steel plates were fitted to the bedplates of Olympic’s engines, and these changes were still evident in 1927 and 1932. These were being fitted in early July 1911, long before the Hawke collision, and whether similar changes were incorporated into Titanic’s design or not the 1927 and 1932 observations – by professional ship surveyors – do signify that the Olympic of November 1932 was the same ship as the Olympic of July 1911.

Also, interestingly, BOT surveys from 1911 were used in 1927 for maintenance work. In 1927, and then 1933, the 1911 observations were still accurate -- hence, the Olympic was the same ship.



17. The Olympic had white paint post-Titanic tragedy

During the 40 day phase when the two ships were together, the ships towered over the city and were in plain sight.  The Olympic was painted white for her launch and during her long career her launch paint was exposed in rough weather.  If she was switched with the Titanic then the workforce would have to paint the entire hull of the Titanic white (without the entire city knowing) and then paint her black again to create the effect she had an original coat of white launch paint underneath (without anyone noticing them doing it). Obviously that is highly unlikely. Hence the white paint which later became visible on the Olympic post-Titanic tragedy is further evidence there was no switch.



18. The Olympic dismantlers and wreckers would also need to be silenced

The alleged facade of the Titanic being dressed to look like the Olympic would have to last right up until her last voyage -but also, quite importantly, not be exposed when the ship was completely dismantled. In October 1935 she was taken to Jarrow, a town in north-east England, located on the River Tyne, that at the time was suffering from the depression, to be dismantled by the “Thomas Ward & Sons” breakers yards. She was stripped down to her lower hull section and on September 19, 1937, her hull was towed to Inverkeithing, in Scotland, for final breaking up.

As an example of the highly detailed records of the dismantling of the ship, take a look at the following excepts from the registry of all materials removed and recycled from the Olympic 1935-1939 by Thos. W. Ward Ltd. The record book photographs are courtesy of João Gonçalves who accessed the documents in the Marine Technology Special Collection, at Newcastle University in December 2018. He notes: "Shipbreakers kept records of all the materials they removed from ships being broken up, their quantity and value such as steel, equipment, machinery, furnishings, nonferrous metals. This ‘outturn’ was important not only for accounting purposes but also to help estimate how much they might expect from similar vessels offered for sale in future. Ward kept huge loose-leaf ledgers for each ship demolished, most of which the Collection has from about 1900 to 1960, covering some 1596 ships. In the case of Olympic, there are 72 pages of outturn records, covering both initial demolition at Jarrow on Tyne in 1935-6 by Ward but also final demolition of her hulk at Inverkeithing in 1937 onwards." (courtesy João Gonçalves)

What is most interesting to note is that the number 400, Olympic's yard number and builder's ID, frequently appears in the notes. There is no record of ever finding the number 401 (Titanic's yard number) during her dismantling between 1935 - 1937.

A page from the highly detailed record book of the Olympic's dismantling in the Marine Technology Special Collection, at Newcastle University. Every detail was included. Image courtesy João Gonçalves (Click to enlarge)

On closer inspection we also see minute details such as the builder's ID - in this case it is the Olympic's unique number - 400. (image courtesy João Gonçalves).

There is no evidence of any accounts that during this extensive and complete dismantling and breaking up that anyone made a discovery that the ship was in fact the infamous Titanic.

With such highly detailed information on her dismantling, including notes on every item and what was inscribed on it, such as the builder's ID number, why has nothing suspicious ever been found? Image courtesy João Gonçalves (Click to enlarge)



19. What remains of Olympic has Olympic's number 400

Instead of using the name of the ship, ship builders such as Harland and Wolff would use 'shipyard numbers' which would then be cut, stamped, engraved, burned, or painted onto every major component and piece of machinery for each ship, in order to make sure that the correct parts went to the right vessel. In the case of Olympic and Titanic, Harland and Wolff numbered Olympic 400 and Titanic 401.

According to J. Kent Layton in his book "Conspiracies at Sea: Titanic and Lusitania" before the Olympic was broken up for scrap, its woodwork was sold. "Never, not once, has a single piece of woodwork from the Olympic turned up with the number '401' stamped on the reverse," Layton wrote.

Indeed, before the Olympic was broken up, her fittings were auctioned off and can now be found all over the United Kingdom, notably the fittings of the first-class lounge and part of the aft grand staircase can be found in the White Swan Hotel, in Alnwick, Northumberland, England. One suite at Sparth House Hotel, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire has the original furniture from one of the state rooms, including a light fitting, sink, wardrobes and fireplace. In 2000, Celebrity Cruises purchased some of Olympic's original wooden panels to create the RMS Olympic restaurant on board their new cruise ship, Millennium. The clock depicting "Honour and Glory Crowning Time" from Olympic's grand staircase is on display at Southampton's SeaCity Museum.

If indeed Olympic was actually Titanic, all these remnants should contain vital clues as to their origin, especially as items such as panels when removed would expose markings unseen since its construction. Not surprisingly, the fittings, furniture and panels only confirm the obvious - they have Olympic's number, 400.

Take a look at some examples below:

The rear of a wooden panel from the Olympic's portside shelter deck, on display at White Star Memories, clearly shows "SS400" (image courtesy C Marshall).

"Sitting Room No. 3," C-62: Louis XIV Room, First Class stateroom, Henry Aldridge and Son auction, year 2000 (image courtesy of rmsolympic.org)

Notice how the number is in fact stamped into the wood in this image, "Sitting Room No. 3," C-62: Louis XIV Room, First Class stateroom, Henry Aldridge and Son auction, year 2000 (image courtesy of rmsolympic.org)

Similarly, notice how the number is in fact stamped into the wood in this image, "Sitting Room No. 3," C-62: Louis XIV Room, First Class stateroom, Henry Aldridge and Son auction, year 2000 (image courtesy of rmsolympic.org)

"Sitting Room No. 3," C-62: Louis XIV Room, First Class stateroom, Henry Aldridge and Son auction, year 2000 (image courtesy of rmsolympic.org)

"Sitting Room No. 3," C-62: Louis XIV Room, First Class stateroom, Henry Aldridge and Son auction, year 2000 (image courtesy of rmsolympic.org)

These are just a sample of what I could find; there is no doubt more Olympic artefacts that testify to being bonafide Olympic with the number 400 on them. Please note that the last 5 images are in fact from one single first class room. So just imagine how many numbers would have to be changed for the entire ship! And interestingly, after Titanic sank, panelling found in the sea was identified by her Harland & Wolff yard number, 401.

'Switch' theorists would have us believe that every single component bearing these numbers (most of which are hidden) were switched. However this is highly improbable as Mark Chirnside points out it "took seven months to complete Olympic’s interiors after she was launched. After September 20th 1911, there was no seven-month period in which both ships were out of service and in the same place."



20. Ballard and all subsequent explorers would have to be silenced

Dr. Robert D. Ballard discovered the wreck of the Titanic in September 1985, located about 370 miles (600 km) south-southeast of the coast of Newfoundland, lying at a depth of about 12,500 feet (3,800m). Since then he and many others have dived the wreck, including expeditions from France and Russia. In addition to the hundreds of dives exploring every conceivable angle of the wreck, thousands of objects have been recovered, restored and exhibited around the world.

Neither Ballard, the French, the Russians or any other expedition or explorer has uncovered evidence that the wreck is the Olympic. In fact they have discovered evidence (see below) that proves without doubt that it is Titanic. There is no reason to believe that Dr. Ballard has anything to gain by covering up a then 75 year old mystery. It is no surprise then, that whenever asked about the switch theory Ballard dismisses it as a question unworthy of consideration.

When questioned about the 'switch' theory at the Belfast Titanic museum Q&A in 2014, the man who discovered the wreck of the Titanic, Dr Robert Ballard, answers: "I think it is the Titanic at the bottom of the ocean."



21. The wreck looks like Titanic

In all aspects the wreck looks like Titanic -there is no evidence of anything that looks like Olympic. Considering that large portions of the superstructure have been revealed due to it being split in two and ravaged over time, you would expect something would show.

For example the wreck clearly has the "Millionaire Suites" on B deck, unique to Titanic. Another good example of how the wreck looks exactly like Titanic is the wheelhouse. Olympic's wheelhouse was curved at the front (refer to diagram below). However on the wreck, the base of the wheelhouse is clearly square with a straight front to it.

Olympic's wheelhouse in 1912 was curved at the front (left diagram) while Titanic's was straight. On the wreck, what remains of the base of the wheel house (right) is clearly straight revealing it is indeed the Titanic (right image courtesy of Ghosts of the Abyss -Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media).

Olympic in the fitting out wharf with construction of the wheelhouse just beginning. The base of the wheelhouse, showing its outline, is clearly curved
(photo courtesy Bob Read/TRMA).

Captain Smith and Olympic's senior officers stand in the bridge area with the curved wheelhouse clearly behind them, left of picture (behind First Officer Murdoch, far left).

Another piece of undeniable evidence is the "Big Piece" - a section of Titanic's starboard side hull that was recovered during RMS Titanic Inc.'s 1998 Expedition, weighing approximately 15 tons and measuring 26 by 12 feet.

Interestingly, according to David Livingstone, a Harland and Wolff Naval Architect interviewed on the 2004 episode "Titanic: The Ship That Never Sank?" from a Sky TV show entitled "Conspiracies", the piece only matches plans specific to Titanic. For example it has an extra port hole that does not appear on Olympic, due to a toilet being added.

The "Big Piece" - the largest piece of the Titanic wreck recovered, does not match Olympic, as it has an extra port hole not seen on Olympic's plans, but precisely matches Titanic.

Parks Stephenson, a US Navy consultant and explorer who worked with director James Cameron on the film "Ghosts of the Abyss", spoke about the 'switch' theory in an interview with the "Titanic Channel" for an episode entitled "The Identity Conspiracy". He made the following observations regarding the wreck:

"The wreck on the bottom is actually Titanic. But this isn't going to matter to these people because they are dead set on it, they love this idea, they're not letting it go. But I am instead going to try and address those people who still have half-a-brain and willing to look at actual, not fabricated, evidence...

You can’t change the physical configuration of the ship. Yes these two ships were built using the same plans from Harland and Wolff but that does not mean they were identical. Titanic ripped out the B-deck promenade that Olympic had and put Millionaire suites up there. Jim Cameron has been in those Millionaire suites with his ROV documenting it with his camera.

Parks Stephenson with James Cameron
during the filming and exploration of the Titanic.

The Turkish Bath in Titanic had a different layout - I am talking about walls and room arrangements, different from Olympic. And for Olympic we have photographs of her Turkish bath in 1911. We also have it in 1920 and 1930 and years after the Titanic disaster. Her floor plan never changed. But Jim Cameron got inside the Turkish Bath in Titanic and we found what we expected to find – a completely changed floor plan, the one that shows up in the Titanic plans, the ones that shows up in the newspaper photograph taken inside Titanic’s Turkish Bath before the disaster. So I don’t know how you want to slice it. But the wreck on the bottom has every characteristic in every respect of Titanic and not Olympic. I try and point these out to these conspiratorialists. They don’t want to listen to it, they want to cling to their fabricated evidence... I am sorry we have documented evidence that they are wrong. And I challenge any of them to find fault with our evidence.

- Parks Stephenson, "The Identity Conspiracy", the "Titanic Channel"

Parks Stephenson, a US Navy consultant and Titanic wreck explorer: "I am sorry we have documented evidence... And I challenge any of them to find fault with our evidence." Evidence includes the name "Titanic" on the wreck, the number 401 on many items, the B-deck promenade design and the Turkish Bath design.



22. The wreck has Titanic's number 401

As would be expected, parts bearing Titanic's number 401 have been recovered from the sea after the tragedy and then from the wreck site: ranging from a wooden cabinet and an engine part; to a marble sink fitting; and other items from all over the ship.

According to a 2004 documentary entitled "Titanic: The Ship That Never Sank?" from a Sky TV show entitled "Conspiracies", presenter Danny Wallace mentions that a cabinet (above) was found floating in the water at the wreck site shortly after the disaster. On the back, Titanic's number 401 is clearly visible..

This is a gear shaft recovered from the debris field which originally came from a vertical watertight door either in the bulkhead between Boiler Room #2 and Boiler Room #1, or the forward bulkhead in the Reciprocating Engine Room. Notice how Titanic's number 401 is engraved into solid metal -not something that could easily be 'switched' (courtesy of Parks Stephenson).

Not only the ship itself is stamped with 401 but even tools found in the wreck site has the number on it. Take for example this wrench which was used by Titanic's engineers to adjust the steam pressure valves of the 2 reciprocating engines. It is seen here on display in the Speyer Historical Museum, Germany and in close up the number 401 is clearly visible. (Images courtesy of Petra Feyahn/RMS Titanic Inc.)

The number 401, Titanic's shipyard number, is also on the Titanic's starboard propeller.

And this last photo - with the number on the propeller is particuarly interesting. Conspiracy theorists would have us believe it was swapped with Olympic's propeller but there is a huge hole in this alleged explanation. As Titanic author Bruce Beveridge points out, the very reason it has a specific build number on it was due to the fact that the propellers were not interchangeable, due to the specific pitch of the blades designed for each ship. If they were interchangeable why would there be a number on it? The number proves that 1. the propellers could and would not be swapped and 2. that it is Titanic.



23. The wreck has the name Titanic on it

And rather conclusively, the wreck of the Titanic has Titanic's name clearly visible on it. The outline of the letters was incised into the hull plate so they were not painted on or could easily fall off.

Titanic's name on the port side of the bow section of the wreck.

1987 view of Titanic's portside bow. The letters "I T A" are clearly visible.
(Image courtesy IFREMER and Jonathan Smith).

Video footage of Titanic's name, filmed in 1987, clearly visible on the wreck

United States Navy and Titanic wreck explorer Parks Stephenson also confirms the starboard side name:

We’ve seen the name on Titanic... We’ve got actual high def images of this wreck. I’ve seen with my own eyes. We’ve identified the name Titanic on the port bow. That was cleaned off by Bob Ballard back in 1987 and photographed. We’ve got the name Titanic on the port bow. In 2010 we did a survey of the starboard side of the ship. We’ve got high def images of the name Titanic on the starboard bow. And then looking at the stern in 2010 Ken Marschall was able to identify the letters “T “and “I” in Titanic above the letters Liverpool on the stern. So the name is there, there’s no hint of an “MP”. ("The Identity Conspiracy", Parks Stephenson, The Titanic Channel)

As time progresses unfortunately the wreck is deteriorating due to corrosion and biological growth and what can be seen of the name is becoming more difficult. More recently Stephenson elaborated and shared images of the starboard side and stern:

The name on the port bow was cleaned off and photographed in the 1990s. In 2010, the areas where the starboard bow and stern names were photographed in hi-def but not immediately seen. The letters are shallow-cut into the shell plating, which is easily obscured by corrosion and biological growth. This is why you won't get the poignant moment like you would like. I was the first to distinguish the TITANIC name on the starboard bow after closely examining the dive imagery where I knew the name SHOULD BE, but it took many passes before I started to see the shapes. On the stern, I saw the OO in LIVERPOOL, but it took Ken Marschall to find the other letters in LIVERPOOL and some of the TITANIC letters; again, by studying the plates where the letters SHOULD BE. Even knowing where the letters are is sometimes not enough. The stern is especially difficult to image because the overhanging transom is a hazard to ROVs.

The starboard side of the Titanic, where her name used to be, courtesy of Parks Stephenson (Click to enlarge)

Same photograph as above, but indicating where the name used to be on the starboard side of the Titanic, courtesy of Parks Stephenson (Click to enlarge)

The stern of the Titanic, where her name used to be, courtesy of Parks Stephenson
(Click to enlarge)

Same photograph as above, but indicating where her name used to be, as well as "Liverpool", courtesy of Parks Stephenson (Click to enlarge)



24. No evidence Titanic was 'switched' with Olympic

Most important of all is the telling fact that there is no evidence at all that Titanic was switched with Olympic. Only theory and speculation. There is no verifiable eyewitness testimony, documentation, photographs, forensic or physical evidence that the 'switch' took place, rather evidence that it definitely did not take place as already listed above.

25. No Titanic author, historian or explorer has acknowledged the 'switch'

Author Mark Chirnside, in his dissertation entitled "Olympic & Titanic – An Analysis Of The Robin Gardiner Conspiracy Theory (July 2006)" simply summarises the situation: "The conspiracy theory has, rightly, been universally dismissed by peer-recognised researchers of the Titanic disaster"

This should not be underestimated. The fact that no Titanic author, historian or wreck explorer has even gone as far as to even acknowledge the possibility of a 'switch' - other than Gardiner who only became an author by publishing his conspiracy claims, is damning. Instead, there is a long list of authors, historians and explorers who have publicly stated for a fact that it is Titanic, for example: Steve Hall, Bruce Beveridge, Mark Chirnside, Bill Wormstedt, Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton, Dr. Paul Lee, Senan Molony, Robert Ballard and Parks Stephenson. One of the key reasons for this is not only that there is overwhelming evidence a 'switch' did not happen and would be impossible, but also that the conspiracy claims are often misleading and in some cases completely false.

However you might then argue that 'switch' adherents make many claims, such as different port holes in photographs, a nearby ship waiting near the disaster scene with woolly blankets and Olympic's name found on the wreck. Is this evidence? Take a look on the following page and see the truth about these claims.